Retaining walls (active pressures)
Undrained analyses
Undrained active smooth retaining wall
| Benchmark | 1.5 |
| Result | 1.5 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Undrained, tension cutoff not modelled
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Active horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 1kN/m2)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
SOIL PROPERTIES: c_u = 1 kN/m2, soil unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 1.5
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
Undrained active retaining wall, full adhesion
| Benchmark | 2.07 |
| Result | 2.1 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 1.16% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 1.16% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Undrained, tension cutoff not modelled
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Active horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 1kN/m2)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface: full adhesion
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
SOIL PROPERTIES: c_u = 1 kN/m2, soil unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 2.070796 = (1+pi)/2
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
Undrained active smooth retaining wall (adequacy on self weight)
| Benchmark | 4 |
| Result | 4 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Undrained, tension cutoff not modelled
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Applied to soil self weight
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth
SOIL PROPERTIES: c_u = 1 kN/m2, soil unit weight = 1 kN/m3
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 4
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
Undrained active smooth retaining wall, flooded (adequacy on self weight)
| Benchmark | 1 |
| Result | 1 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Undrained, tension cutoff not modelled.
WATER REGIME: Water table above footing and soil surface.
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Applied to soil self weight
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth
SOIL PROPERTIES: c_u = 1 kN/m2, soil unit weight = 13.81 kN/m3
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 1.0 (= (4c_u + 9.81)/13.81)
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
Undrained active retaining wall, full adhesion (adequacy on self weight)
| Benchmark | 5.14 |
| Result | 5.19 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0.93% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0.93% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Undrained, tension cutoff not modelled
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Applied to soil self weight
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; full adhesion on soil-wall interface.
SOIL PROPERTIES: c_u = 1 kN/m2, soil unit weight = 1 kN/m3
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 5.1415
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
Linear variation of cohesion with depth
Undrained active smooth retaining wall (weightless soil)
| Benchmark | 3 |
| Result | 3 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Undrained, tension cutoff not modelled
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Passive horizontal load on wall (unit load 1kN/m2)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth
SOIL PROPERTIES: c_u = 1 kN/m2 at soil surface, linear increase of strength with depth 1kN/m2/m, soil unit weight = 0 kN/m3
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 3
REFERENCE:
Undrained active smooth retaining wall
| Benchmark | 2.5 |
| Result | 2.5 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Undrained, tension cutoff not modelled
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Passive horizontal load on wall (unit load 1kN/m2)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth
SOIL PROPERTIES: c_u = 1 kN/m2 at soil surface, linear increase of strength with depth 1kN/m2/m, soil unit weight = 1 kN/m3
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 2.5
REFERENCE:
Undrained active smooth retaining wall (adequacy on self weight)
| Benchmark | 6 |
| Result | 6 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Undrained, tension cutoff not modelled
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Applied to soil self weight
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth
SOIL PROPERTIES: c_u = 1 kN/m2 at soil surface, linear increase of strength with depth 1kN/m2/m, soil unit weight = 1 kN/m3
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 6
REFERENCE:
Drained analyses
Drained active smooth retaining wall (phi' = 30 degrees)
| Benchmark | 0.33 |
| Result | 0.33 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0.02% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Active horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 1kN/m2).
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees). Baseline passive horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 0.5kN/m2).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=0, phi = 30 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 0.3333 (=0.5-(1/3*1/2)).
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
COMMENT: Benchmark result is relative to 0.5. To achieve active failure a baseline passive load of 0.5 kN/m2 was applied.
Drained active smooth retaining wall (phi' = 40 degrees)
| Benchmark | 0.39 |
| Result | 0.39 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Active horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 1kN/m2).
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees). Baseline passive horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 0.5kN/m2).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=0, phi = 40 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 0.3913 (=0.5-(0.2174*1/2)).
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
COMMENT: Benchmark result is relative to 0.5. To achieve active failure a baseline passive load of 0.5 kN/m2 was applied.
Drained active smooth retaining wall (phi' = 50 degrees)
| Benchmark | 0.43 |
| Result | 0.43 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0.01% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Active horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 1kN/m2).
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees). Baseline passive horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 0.5kN/m2).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=0, phi = 50 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 0.4338 (=0.5-(0.1325*1/2)).
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
COMMENT: Benchmark result is relative to 0.5. To achieve active failure a baseline passive load of 0.5 kN/m2 was applied.
Drained active smooth retaining wall (c' = 1kN/m2, phi' = 30 degrees)
| Benchmark | 0.99 |
| Result | 0.99 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0.03% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Active horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 1kN/m2).
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=1 kN/m2, phi = 30 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 0.988 (=(1/3*1/2)-2*1*sqrt(1/3)).
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
Drained active smooth retaining wall (c' = 2kN/m2, phi' = 30 degrees)
| Benchmark | 2.14 |
| Result | 2.14 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0.02% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Active horizontal load on wall (unit permanent load 1kN/m2).
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=2 kN/m2, phi = 30 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 2.143 (=(1/3*1/2)-2*2*sqrt(1/3)).
REFERENCE: Powrie (2004) Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications. Taylor & Francis.
Drained active smooth retaining wall, adequacy on self weight (c' = 1kN/m2, phi' = 20 degrees)
| Benchmark | 5.71 |
| Result | 5.71 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Adequacy on self weight.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=1, phi' = 20 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 5.7125 ( =4c'/(Htan(45-phi'/2)) ), where H is the wall height.
REFERENCE:
Drained active smooth retaining wall, adequacy on self weight (c' = 1kN/m2, phi' = 30 degrees)
| Benchmark | 6.93 |
| Result | 6.93 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Adequacy on self weight.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=1, phi' = 30 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 6.928203 ( =4c'/(Htan(45-phi'/2)) ), where H is the wall height.
REFERENCE:
Drained active smooth retaining wall, adequacy on self weight (c' = 1kN/m2, phi' = 40 degrees)
| Benchmark | 8.58 |
| Result | 8.58 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Dry conditions
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Adequacy on self weight.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=1, phi' = 40 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 8.578028 ( =4c'/(Htan(45-phi'/2)) ), where H is the wall height.
REFERENCE:
Drained active smooth retaining wall, adequacy on self weight (c' = 1kN/m2, phi' = 30 degrees)
| Benchmark | 1 |
| Result | 1 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Water table above soil and wall.
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Adequacy on self weight.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=1, phi' = 20 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 9.81 + 5.7126085 = 15.52260846 ( =9.81 + 4c'/(Htan(45-phi'/2)) ), where H is the wall height.
REFERENCE:
Drained active smooth retaining wall, adequacy on self weight (c' = 1kN/m2, phi' = 30 degrees)
| Benchmark | 1 |
| Result | 1 |
| Discrepancy on Collapse Load | 0% |
| Discrepancy on Input Parameters | 0% |
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Simple retaining wall, horizontal soil surface
ANALYSIS TYPE: Drained
WATER REGIME: Water table above soil and wall.
KEY DIMENSIONS: Wall height 1m.
ADEQUACY FACTOR LOADING: Adequacy on self weight.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: No surcharge; wall on smooth base; soil-wall interface smooth (delta = 0 degrees).
SOIL PROPERTIES: c'=1, phi' = 30 degrees, soil dry unit weight = 1 kN/m3
PARTIAL FACTOR SET: Unity.
BENCHMARK SOLUTION: 9.81 + 6.928203 = 16.738203 ( =9.81 + 4c'/(Htan(45-phi'/2)) ), where H is the wall height.
REFERENCE: